"Energy Production and Transportation." . . "Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases." . . . . "Climate finance." . . "Environment." . . . . . . . . . . . . "Market-Based Instruments for International Aviation and Shipping as a Source of Climate Finance" . . . . . . . . . . . . "Market-based instruments for international aviation and shipping as a source of climate finance"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The international aviation and maritime sectors today enjoy relatively favorable tax treatment, as their fuels are not taxed and the sectors are not subject to any value-added tax or turnover tax. Nor are these fuel uses subject to any global measures to reduce their associated CO2 emissions, even though they represent at least 5 percent of the global greenhouse gas emissions. A carbon charge on fuels for international aviation and shipping equal to" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Environmental Economics & Policies." . . "Climate Change Economics." . . "Carbon charges." . . "Transport Economics Policy & Planning." . . "Greenhouse gas emissions." . .