http://worldcat.org/entity/work/id/137543849

The National Shipbuilding Research Program. 1991 Ship Producton Symposium Proceedings: Paper No. IXB-1, The Eight-Hour Workday: An Unattainable Goal

No industrial operator can be fully productive for an entire shift. Interference with the productive process occurs during the work day that is beyond the operator's control. Once the industrial engineering analyst has produced a normal time for an operation, the standard is still not complete. The analyst must account for personal, fatigue, and delay (PF & D) time and factor the appropriate allowances into the normal time to produce a true standard time. Allowing for personal needs is usually not enough. Operators experience fatigue due to the stress factors that are abundant in ship repair processes. Delays are incurred when multiple trades must combine their skills to complete one work cycle. These personal, fatigue, and delay factors are steadily increasing, as technological, safety, and environmental needs are discovered, making many processes more complicated. Some other factors that affect the work day are: mustering of personnel for shift changes: preparing turn-over reports for ensuing shifts; attending to administrative requirements; and general work area cleaning.

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