. "We the people race, ethnicity and citizenship in the United States 150 years after Dred Scott v. Sandford"@en . . . . "Race, ethnicity and citizenship in the United States 150 years after Dred Scott v. Sandford"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\"This report surveys the most current data available to assess the state of citizenship in the United States 150 years after the Supreme Court's famous Dred Scott v. Sandford decision. In this 1857 case, the Court denied citizenship to blacks, even free blacks outside the South who had voted and fought in our wars ... In this new report, released in conjunction with our major conference observing the 150th anniversary of Dred Scott, The Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice asks not merely what has changed in a century and a half. Rather, we concern ourselves with persistent patterns of inequality and disenfranchisement, disproportionate effects of policy and practice, and the inclination toward exclusion that remain with us and in some part define our contemporary society. We consider vital indicators in four broadly defined segments of our society: political participation, the courts and criminal justice, the workplace, and the public schools. We find that for African-Americans, other people of color and for a significant portion of economically contributing foreign-born residents, the nature and quality of citizenship -- or membership in our collective -- is not on par with that enjoyed by white, U.S.-born Americans. The causes for this are exceedingly complex, derive from a mix of forces and are not completely understood. However, data clearly indicates that several recent government policies and practices and subjective assumptions about \"deservedness\" continue to drive persistent inequalities that dilute the full expression of citizenship and humanity for millions of people in American society.\""@en . . . . . . . . .