"Apoptosis." . . "Sulfur." . . "Sense organs." . . "Medicine and medical research." . . "Receptor sites(physiology)" . . "Proteins." . . "Pharmacological antagonists." . . "Epidermis." . . . "Sulfur mustard (HD, bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide) is a vesicant that causes DNA strand breaks and apoptosis in cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). HD causes apoptosis via two independent pathways, a Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-mediated mitochondrial pathway and Fas receptor (CD95) pathway. We studied the effects of the exogenously added CaM antagonist W7, the CD95 antibody, the caspase-3 inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO, and the general caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk on NHEK viability loss (Calcein AM fluorescence assay, LDH release assay) due to HD. All protected against HD. Z-VAD-fmk was the most effective. These results provide a logical approach toward developing an anti-apoptotic vesicant countermeasure."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "DNA Damage-Induced Apoptosis: Inhibition by Calmodulin Antagonist, Fas Receptor Antibody and Caspase Inhibitors"@en . . "ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD." . . "Deoxyribonucleic acids." . . "Mustard agents." . . "Antibodies." . . "Calcium." . . "Biochemisrty." . . "Anatomy and physiology." . . "Fluorescence." . . . .