"Program 47 illustrates the genius of Carnot and the second law of thermodynamics. Discusses the implications of Carnot's theory in defining the behavior of matter and the flow of time throughout the universe. Program 48 deals with the discovery that, under the right conditions of temperature and pressure, all elements can exist in each of the basic states of matter. Program 49 explores the history of the atom from the ancient Greeks to the early twentieth century. Includes the discoveries of J.J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford and their impact on the field of physics. Program 50 focuses on the discovery that light can sometimes act like a particle and from this discovery the development of the new physics, quantum mechanics. Program 51 discusses how electron waves confined by electric attraction to the nucleus helped resolve the dilemma of the atom and accounted for the periodic table of the elements. The program goes on to relate that nucleons obey a kind of periodic table and that this discovery lead to the idea of quarks. Program 52 reviews the previous programs in the course and takes a look into the future. Uses computer animation sequences, historical reenactments, and close-up photography of experiments."
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