"Bones." . . "Anatomy and physiology." . . "Acoustic waves." . . "Acoustics." . . "Ear protectors." . . "Hearing." . . "Loudness." . . "Conductivity." . . "Acoustic attenuation." . . "Cochlea." . . "Noise." . . . . . . . . "Bone Conducted Noise and Mitigation Techniques"@en . . . . . . . "Very high level noises, up to 150 dB, can cause special problems in hearing protection. In order to achieve a 15 minute exposure within an 85 dB, 8 hour, 3 dB/doubling criteria, the hearing protector must provide 50 dB of overall noise attenuation. The issue becomes the flanking pathway provided by bone conduction with an attenuation at 2 kHz of approximately 40-45 dB. In this case, the flanking pathway becomes the predominate pathway for acoustic energy to stimulate the cochlea. This report describes the basic investigation into the linearity of loudness judgements with bone conducted noise, descriptions of passive and active techniques to mitigate/attenuate bone conducted noise, and recommendations for future research in bone conducted noise."@en . . . . . . . "Safety engineering." . . "AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH HUMAN EFFECTIVENESS DIRECTORATE." . .