International law and the politics of urban air operations
Urban environments pose many difficulties for those planning and conducting military operations within the boundaries of international law and self-imposed political constraints. Whereas the speed and agility of air power, plus its ability to deliver firepower precisely (and with relatively low risk to U.S. personnel), may make it the instrument of choice, the heightened risk of collateral damage when operating in urban environments partially offsets U.S. technological superiority. Recent U.S. and coalition operations in the Balkans and elsewhere have demonstrated the difficulty of target selection and of balancing the competing concerns of avoiding collateral damage, minimizing risk of U.S. casualties, and maximizing military effectiveness. Urban areas also provide adversaries with opportunities to use human shields and to propagandize civilian injuries, further offsetting some advantages of air power. The report discusses how continued technological advances in such areas as precision guidance and target identification may help alleviate some of the conflicting legal, political, and operational pressures facing planners, although they will not be a panacea. Advances may well bring new or tightened constraints on military operations.
"Urban environments pose many difficulties for those planning and conducting military operations within the boundaries of international law and self-imposed political constraints. Whereas the speed and agility of air power, plus its ability to deliver firepower precisely (and with relatively low risk to U.S. personnel), may make it the instrument of choice, the heightened risk of collateral damage when operating in urban environments partially offsets U.S. technological superiority. Recent U.S. and coalition operations in the Balkans and elsewhere have demonstrated the difficulty of target selection and of balancing the competing concerns of avoiding collateral damage, minimizing risk of U.S. casualties, and maximizing military effectiveness. Urban areas also provide adversaries with opportunities to use human shields and to propagandize civilian injuries, further offsetting some advantages of air power. The report discusses how continued technological advances in such areas as precision guidance and target identification may help alleviate some of the conflicting legal, political, and operational pressures facing planners, although they will not be a panacea. Advances may well bring new or tightened constraints on military operations."@en
"Urban environments pose many difficulties for those planning and conducting military operations within the boundaries of international law and self-imposed political constraints. Whereas the speed and agility of air power, plus its ability to deliver firepower precisely (and with relatively low risk to U.S. personnel), may make it the instrument of choice, the heightened risk of collateral damage when operating in urban environments partially offsets U.S. technological superiority. Recent U.S. and coalition operations in the Balkans and elsewhere have demonstrated the difficulty of target selection and of balancing the competing concerns of avoiding collateral damage, minimizing risk of U.S. casualties, and maximizing military effectiveness. Urban areas also provide adversaries with opportunities to use human shields and to propagandize civilian injuries, further offsetting some advantages of air power. The report discusses how continued technological advances in such areas as precision guidance and target identification may help alleviate some of the conflicting legal, political, and operational pressures facing planners, although they will not be a panacea. Advances may well bring new or tightened constraints on military operations."
"Urban environments pose enormous difficulties for those planning and conducting military operations within the boundaries of international law and self-imposed political constraints. To help the Air Force develop concepts of operation to conduct joint urban military operations effectively and at lower risk to U.S. forces, this report examines the legal and political context within which urban air operations would take place."
"Some of the most limiting constraints on future U.S. military actions in urban environments are not going to be technological or operational; they are going to be legal and political. Recent U.S. and coalition operations in the Balkans and elsewhere have been marked by heated controversy over target selection and have demonstrated the difficulty of balancing the often competing concerns of avoiding collateral damage, minimizing risk of U.S. casualties, and maximizing military effectiveness. Urban environments pose enormous difficulties for those planning and conducting military operations within the boundaries of international law and self-imposed political constraints. The speed and agility of air power, combined with its ability to deliver firepower precisely and with relatively low risk to U.S. personnel across the spectrum of conflict, often make it the military instrument of choice for policymakers. However, the heightened risk of collateral damage when operating in urban environments partially offsets U.S. technological superiority. The features of urban environments also provide adversaries with expanded opportunities to exploit U.S. adherence to certain norms by using human shields and propagandizing civilian injuries. As a result, the urban combat options available to planners and decisionmakers are generally far narrower than the domain of the feasible. Continued technological advances in critical areas such as precision guidance and target identification may help alleviate some of the conflicting legal, political, and operational pressures facing planners. But technological improvements will not be a panacea. Indeed, technological advances may intensify or tighten legal and political constraints on military operations. The United States Air Force (USAF) should be cautious in its expectations about its ability to free U.S. decisionmakers from the complex set of constraints that bind them."@en
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Aeronautics, Military Law and legislation Case studies United States 21st century.
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Aeronautics, Military Law and legislation United States.
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Air warfare (International law) Philosophy 21st century Case studies West (U.S.)
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Combatants and noncombatants (International law) Philosophy 21st century Case studies West (U.S.)
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POLITICAL SCIENCE International Relations General.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE Political Freedom & Security General.
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