"People who establish new settlements, either as pioneering agriculturalists or because they have been forcibly relocated, go through predictable stages of adjustment to the new environment. These typically include periods of recruitment, transition, development, and incorporation. The development stage of adjustment entails not only economic entrepreneurship but also the elaboration of increasingly complex, flexible political structures. Semi-directed or "guided" colonization schemes, such as the San Julian project in Bolivia, attempt to promote the development of social and political ties among colonists through establishing communal orientation programs and cooperatives, and organizing village governing bodies; these interventions may help settlers move into the development stage more quickly. However, women's opportunities for development political linkages may be reduced in settlement communities, in part because women may have little access to capital and income and because formal decision-making structures exclude them."
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