. . "Metodologia" . . "Dualismus (Physik)" . . . . . . "Particles and Waves Historical Essays in the Philosophy of Science"@en . . "Particles and waves : historical essays in the philosophy of science"@pt . "Particles and waves : historical essays in the philosophy of science"@en . "Particles and waves : historical essays in the philosophy of science" . . . . . . "Electronic books"@en . . . . "Particles and waves historical essays in the philosophy of science" . "Particles and waves historical essays in the philosophy of science"@en . . . . . . . . "This volume brings together six published and two new essays by the noted philosopher of science, Peter Achinstein. It represents the culmination of his examination of methodological issues that arise in nineteenth-century physics. He focuses on the philosophical problem of how, if at all, it is possible to confirm scientific hypotheses that postulate 'unobservables' such as light waves, molecules, and electrons. This question is one that not only was of great interest to nineteenth-century physicists and methodologists, but continues to occupy philosophers of science up to the present day. The essays in this volume deal with this vexing problem as it arose in actual scientific practice in three nineteenth-century episodes: the debate between particle and wave theorists of light, Maxwell's kinetic theory of gases, and J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron. Achinstein shows that the most important issue raised by these three cases concerns the legitimacy of introducing hypotheses that invoke \"unobservables\". If science is to be empirical, can such hypotheses be employed? How, if at all, is it possible to confirm them?; Achinstein here assesses the philosophical validity of nineteenth-century and modern answers to these questions and presents and defends his own solutions."@en . . . . "This volume contains six published and two new essays, focusing on philosophical problems surrounding the postulation of unobservable entities such as light waves, molecules and electrons."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Particles and Waves : Historical Essays in the Philosophy of Science"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "History"@en . . "History" . . . "Ciència Filosofia Història." . . "Ciencia- Filosofia- Historia." . "Dualité onde-corpuscule Histoire." . . "Elektronenstrahl." . . "Physics." . . "Particules (physique nucléaire)" . . "Kathode." . . "Ciència Filosofia." . . "Theorie." . . "Physique Histoire." . . "Philosophie des sciences." . . "SCIENCE Philosophy & Social Aspects." . . "Wave-particle duality." . . "Sciences Philosophie Histoire." . . "Science." . . "Fisica Filosofia." . . "Physik." . . "Deeltjesmechanica." . . "Física Història." . . "Licht." . . "Naturwissenschaften Philosophie Geschichte." . . "Welle-Teilchen-Dualismus." . . "Dualidade onda-particula." . . "Geschichte." . . "Golfbewegingsenergie." . . "Science Philosophy History." . . "Welle-Teilchen-Dualismus Geschichte." . . "Electronic books." . . "Kinetische Gastheorie." . . "Naturwissenschaften." . . "1800-1900" . . "Philosophie Naturwissenschaften Geschichte." . . "Philosophie." . .