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The Korean struggle for International identity in the foreground of the Shufeldt Negotiation, 1866-1882

Meanwhile, China became painfully aware that Japan had struck a serious blow to the relationship between China and Korea. China's principal problems were to keep the Sino-Korean protocol relationship intact, check the Japanese advance into Korea, and maintain her security against supposed Russian advances. One of China's solutions was to urge Korea into treaty relationships with the West, starting with the United States. After initially rejecting this advice, Korean leaders began to realize the benefits of international trade and intercourse.

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  • "Meanwhile, China became painfully aware that Japan had struck a serious blow to the relationship between China and Korea. China's principal problems were to keep the Sino-Korean protocol relationship intact, check the Japanese advance into Korea, and maintain her security against supposed Russian advances. One of China's solutions was to urge Korea into treaty relationships with the West, starting with the United States. After initially rejecting this advice, Korean leaders began to realize the benefits of international trade and intercourse."@en
  • "This dissertation describes and analyzes Korea's struggle for international identity during that turbulent period, 1866-1882, when efforts by the Western and Japanese governments to open Korea raised questions about that country's status within the East Asian community of nations. China and Japan had already been open to the West amid disruption of the traditional East Asian interstate pattern. Japan accelerated this disruption when, after concluding a treaty with China in 1871, she proceeded to restructure the 260-year-old Korea-Japan relationship. Korean resistance and Japanese persistence provoked internal and external crises in both countries. War was averted by a change of government in Korea and that government's change in attitude toward Japanese diplomatic initiatives. Forced into the Treaty of Kangwha in 1876, Korea at least theoretically joined the community of nations on the basis of Western international law. Japan's subsequent commercial and diplomatic penetration of Korea brought further internal disruptions."@en
  • "The late 1870's coincided with a United States effort to establish relations with Korea. The American naval officer, Commodore Robert W. Shufeldt, became the central figure in these efforts, dating from 1867 when he had been despatched to Korea to inquire into the destruction of the American schooner General Sherman. During this earlier period both Britain and France had tried in a sporadic manner to open Korea to Western commerce and missionary enterprise. In 1866 Korea and France had fought a bloody battle in and around the islands of Kangwha. This encounter had contributed to hardening the Korean government's non-intercourse policy toward the West. The first U.S. effort to open Korea in 1871 ended in failure with the repulse of the Low-Rodgers mission. The subsequent negotiation of the Japanese-Korean treaty of 1876 undoubtedly influenced the American government's subsequent effort to reopen treaty negotiations with Korea in 1878. From 1880 to 1882 the United States sought the good offices, first of Japan and then China. China's attempt to arrange an American-Korean treaty that would recognize China's traditional assertion of shu pang met with Shufeldt's persistent refusal. Despite the interfering and complicating diplomacy of China, Shufeldt succeeded in negotiating a Korean treaty on May 22nd, 1882 that formalized the recognition of Korean sovereignty and independence. Other nations quickly followed the American initiative and made similar treaties with Korea in the years that followed."@en
  • ""The Korean Struggle for International Identity in the Foreground of the Shufeldt Negotiation, 1866-1880 places a special focus on how the Koreans view themselves and the outside world, especially China, Japan, and the United States. It challenges the one-sided, distorted China centered view of the historical and traditional Korea-China relationship, as well as the skewed view of the Korea-Japan relationship from the Japanese side. This book brings the much-neglected Korean views of these historical relationships into perspective."--Jacket."
  • ""The Korean Struggle for International Identity in the Foreground of the Shufeldt Negotiation, 1866-1880 places a special focus on how the Koreans view themselves and the outside world, especially China, Japan, and the United States. It challenges the one-sided, distorted China centered view of the historical and traditional Korea-China relationship, as well as the skewed view of the Korea-Japan relationship from the Japanese side. This book brings the much-neglected Korean views of these historical relationships into perspective."--Jacket."@en

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  • "Treaties"@en
  • "History"@en

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  • "The Korean struggle for International identity in the foreground of the Shufeldt Negotiation, 1866-1882"
  • "The Korean struggle for International identity in the foreground of the Shufeldt Negotiation, 1866-1882"@en
  • "The Korean struggle for international identity in the foreground of the Shufeldt negotiation, 1866-1882"
  • "The Korean struggle for international identity in the foreground of the Shufeldt negotiation, 1866-1882"@en
  • "The Korean struggle for International identity in the foreground of the Shufeldt Negotiation : 1866 - 1882"
  • "The Korean struggle for international identity in the foreground of the Shufeldt Negotiation, 1866-1882"@en

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