How large are global energy subsidies?

"This paper provides a comprehensive, updated picture of energy subsidies at the global and regional levels. It focuses on the broad notion of post-tax energy subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental damage and an additional tax applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues. Post-tax energy subsidies are dramatically higher than previously estimated, and are projected to remain high. These subsidies primarily reflect under-pricing from a domestic (rather than global) perspective, so even unilateral price reform is in countries' own interests. The potential fiscal, environmental and welfare impacts of energy subsidy reform are substantial.--Abstract."@en
"This paper provides a comprehensive, updated picture of energy subsidies at the global andregional levels. It focuses on the broad notion of post-tax energy subsidies, which arise whenconsumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental damage and anadditional tax applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues. Post-taxenergy subsidies are dramatically higher than previously estimated, and are projected toremain high. These subsidies primarily reflect under-pricing from a domestic (rather thanglobal) perspective, so even unilateral price reform is in countr."@en